Human vital organ systems may be affected by diabetic microvascular complications (DMC), lead to public health difficulty. Recent evidence shows genetic factors provide to the genetic and structural variants, and/or variability in disease severity play important roles in the development of DMC among the patients with similar risk factors. Several genetic loci have discovered that figure the risk of DMC as detected by genetic linkage studies. Genetic variants demonstrate for susceptibility to DMC as detected by genetic association studies. Copy number variation and interactions of gene Χ environment have been discovered by compelling analysis of structural variants. Mitochondrial DNA also acts a definite role in the development of DMC. Sequencing technologies have light important horizon on detecting rare and common genetic loci. This review focuses on the common science of the genetic context of DMC. Finally, recognition of genes or genetic loci and structural variants providing to risk of or guarding from DMC will help intuition the underlying mechanism of DMC, with conclusive suggestions for the evolvement of new medicine for diabetes mellitus complications.

Context: Globally, of 55 million ocular trauma cases occurring per year, 1.6 million are rendered blind. Intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) form a major subset (40%) of the penetrating eye injuries. Aims: To study the clinical presentations, visual outcomes, and the prognostic factors in penetrating eye injuries with IOFB. Settings and Design: This is a prospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary care center. Thirty-three eyes of 33 consecutive patients presenting to our center between March and December 2012 with IOFB injury were included in the study. Materials and Methods: After obtaining informed consent, detailed history and examination findings were noted at presentation. Computed tomography scanning was done in all patients. The details of the IOFB extraction procedure were noted and the patients were followed up for 3 months following the surgery. Statistical Analysis Used: All statistical calculations were performed in Stata (12.1) using the t-test. Results: Fifty-three percent were males between 15 and 30 years of age. Seventy-three percent had foreign body located in the posterior segment, whereas 27% were located in the anterior segment. The incidence of endophthalmitis was 16.67%. The final best corrected visual acuity appeared to be worse with poorer vision at presentation, larger foreign body size, scleral entry wound, and foreign body removal during a secondary surgery. Conclusions: Penetrating eye injuries with IOFB usually occurred in young males at work places. Factors leading to poor visual outcome were poor vision at presentation and larger foreign body size.

Objective: To determine the clinical indications for destructive eye surgeries (DES) in Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A retrospective hospital-based study involving the review of the medical records of all patients that had DES in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital and Specialist Hospital, Sokoto from January 2010 to December 2014. The age, sex, occupation, indications for surgery, and type of surgery done were recorded. Results: A total of 41 patients had DES during the study period. The mean age of the patients was 34.4 ± 17.7 years. The most frequent indication for DES was malignant neoplasms 41.4% (n = 17) followed by ocular infections 24.4% (n = 10) and trauma 24.4% (n = 10). Evisceration (n = 22) was the most common DES procedure. Conclusion: There is a need for educating the population on the dangers of late presentation, and since trauma and intraocular infections are largely preventable, public health education on safety measures is advocated.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the visual and refractive outcome of MyoRing implantation in patients with keratoconus. Materials and Methods: A total of 8 eyes from 8 patients who consecutively underwent MyoRing implantation were studied. The main parameters evaluated included keratometry readings, refractive status, and visual acuity. Clinical data were evaluated preoperatively and 3 months postoperation. Results: A statistically significant flattening of corneal contours and significant improvement of the spherical equivalent of refraction were noted 3 months after surgery with P values of <0.001 and 0.006, respectively. Significant improvement was also detected in unaided postoperative visual acuity compared with preoperative unaided (P < 0.001) and corrected visual acuity (P = 0.002). Conclusion: MyoRing implantation allows a significant reduction of myopia and astigmatic refractive errors resulting from keratoconus because of the corneal flattening induced, which significantly contributes to the improved visual outcomes.

Objective: To compare corrected visual functions between spectacles and rigid gas permeable (RGP) lenses, and to evaluate the association of cone location with corrected visual functions with RGP lenses in keratoconus patients. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four eyes from 19 newly diagnosed keratoconus patients were included. All subjects were fitted with hyper Dk (160) RGP lenses. All subjects were divided into two groups following their corneal cone location (central and paracentral). Manifest refraction, best spectacle visual acuity (BSVA) and visual acuity (VA) with an RGP contact lens (RGPVA) using Snellen chart, best spectacle contrast sensitivity (BSCS) and CS with RGP (RGPCS) using Pelli-Robson chart, slit lamp, and topography measurements were conducted. Results: A mean age of all subjects was 26.63 ± 8.58 years. Sixteen eyes (47.1%) have central cones, and 18 eyes (52.9%) have paracentral cones. At baseline, mean refraction was −5.62 ± 3.62 D, mean CA was −6.74 ± 4.75 D, mean best spectacle-corrected VA (BSCVA) was 0.59 ± 0.33, and mean BSCS was 1.54 ± 0.33. Visual functions improved significantly with contact lens wear (P < 0.05). No significant difference was detected between both groups in keratometer readings, mean CA, BSVA, RGPVA, BSCS, and RGPCS (P > 0.05). A significant relation was noted between the mean K and BSCVA, BSCS, RGPCS (P < 0.05), but the insignificant relation was detected between mean K and RGPVA (P > 0.05). No association was found between the cone location and RGPVA or RGPCS (P > 0.05). Conclusion: RGP contact lens is significantly improving visual functions of keratoconus patients. Cone location in keratoconic eyes has no effect on corrected VA or CS and therefore, is not a factor in trial contact lens selection.

Aim: To determine the prevalence of horizontal strabismus, the relationship between the family's socioeconomic factors and their attitude towards the child's eye health, its types, and to determine the attitude and compliance of the patients and their parents towards it among basic school children in Khartoum city between July and December 2010. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Khartoum city among basic school children by questionnaire and eye examination. Sampling was with systematic random sampling for schools, probability proportional to size for children number in each school and systematic random sampling for children after obtaining a written consent from the ministry of basic education and parents. Results: 768 children were interviewed using questionnaire with a response rate of 100%. The questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS version 19 giving prevalence of horizontal squint of 2.8%, significant association between the father's educational level, socioeconomic status and their attitude towards eyes' health. Esotropia is the predominant type with a 2.2% and a slightly acceptable compliance towards regular eye follow up. Conclusion: Most of families didn't show good compliance towards the eye health unless they had a problem but almost all of them had the desire to know more.

Goldenhar syndrome or oculo-auriculo-vertebral is a rare abnormality affecting the craniofacial region having extracranial manifestations as well. First described by Maurice Goldenhar, its etiology still remains uncertain. We report here the case of a 7-year-old boy with the classic signs of Goldenhar syndrome in the form of accessory tragi, bilateral ocular dermoids, and mandibular hypoplasia (micrognathia).

A 52-year-old female presented with a history of bull horn injury to the right eye. Examination revealed an avulsed flap of right lower eyelid starting from a point just lateral to the lacrimal punctum up to the lateral canthus without any other ocular or orbital damage. After a thorough assessment and cleaning, lid flap was sutured in layers. Postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis was given. Eyelid wound healed without complications.

A chalazion is caused by an obstruction of excretion channel of the meibomian gland due to the accumulation of its own secretions. It can be ovoid, lobed, but most often it is a round nodule, variable in size, usually painless. Conservative treatment is the rule. When this fails, surgery is the only alternative, especially for nodules located far from the inner canthus due to the risk of seeing the section of lacrimal organs. This surgery is simple, with local anesthesia in adults and sometimes general anesthesia in children. It is exceptionally the cause of complications that can compromise the visual and/or vital prognosis. We have only found three cases in the literature, one apex orbital syndrome, an eyelid necrosis and one severe orbital bleeding. This observation reports a case of an eyelid gangrene associated with endophthalmitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which occurred after surgery for Chalazion in a healthy patient.